THE BIBLICAL FLOOD   AND THE ICE EPOCH   http://www.creationism.org/patten/                                by DONALD W. PATTEN A Study in Scientific History

MAIN PAGE  CHAPTER I  CHAPTER II  CHAPTER III  CHAPTER IV  CHAPTER V  CHAPTER VI  CHAPTER VII  CHAPTER VIII  CHAPTER IX  CHAPTER X  CHAPTER XI  CHAPTER XII

I.  A GLOBAL FLOOD OR A LOCAL FLOOD .............. 1
 
 

II.  THE HISTORY OF CATASTROPHISM
AND UNIFORMITARIANISM ................................ 5

Uniformitarian Authors ........................................................... 9
 

James Hutton ............................................................... 9

Charles Lyell .............................................................. 10

Charles Darwin .......................................................... 11

Catastrophic Authors ........................................................... 16
 

George McCready Price ............................................ 16

Byron C. Nelson ....................................................... 17

Alfred M. Rehwinkel ................................................. 18

Henry M. Morris ....................................................... 19

C. H. Hapgood & Ivan T. Sanderson ........................ 20

Immanuel Velikovsky ................................................ 21

Dolph E. Hooker ..................................................... 23

Summary ........................................................................... 25
 

III.  PAST CELESTIAL CATASTROPHES .......................... 27

Astronomy in History .......................................................... 27

The Ptolemaic System ......................................................... 28

The Copernican System ....................................................... 28

Tycho Brahe ...................................................................... 29

Johannes Kepler ................................................................. 29

Halley, Newton & Whiston ................................................ 30

Past Astral Catastrophes Within the Solar System .............. 35

Planetary Interaction .......................................................... 36

Lunar Perturbation ............................................................. 38

Lunar Fragmentization ........................................................ 39

Fragmentization of a Planet ................................................. 43

Our Scar-Faced Satellite--The Moon ................................ 46

Comets ............................................................................. 48

Summary ........................................................................... 49
 
 

IV.  THE TIDAL NATURE OF THE BIBLICAL FLOOD.... 51

Location of the Grounded Ark: Its Elevation ..................... 54

Location of the Grounded Ark: Its Heartland Location ...... 58

The Logging of the Sequence of Events ............................ 60

World-Wide Circumstances of Sedimentary Strata ........... 61

The Fountains of the Deep (Oceans) ................................ 62

The Behavior of the Animals ............................................ 63
 
 

V.  OROGENESIS: THE CAUSE OF
GLOBAL MOUNTAIN UPLIFTS ............................ 65

Geophysical Perspectives of Our Small Sphere .............. 65

The Volume of the Magma ............................................ 66

The Flow of Fluids and Constriction .............................. 67

The Direction of Thrust.................................................. 67

Uniformitarian Approaches to Orogenesis ...................... 70

The Continental Drift Theory ......................................... 72

The Contraction and Convection Current Theories ......... 73

The Geographical Pattern of
Distribution of Recent Mountain Uplifts ......................... 75

The Lunar Mountains ................................................... 90

Qualifications For a Theory of Orogenesis .................... 91

Correct Scope ............................................................. 94

Correct Timing ............................................................. 94

Distance of Causation ................................................... 95

Direction of Causation .................................................. 95

A Convergence of Disciplines ....................................... 96

An Epitaph ................................................................... 97
 
 

VI.  GLACIOGENESIS: THE CAUSE OF
THE ICE EPOCH .................................................... 101

The Frozen Mammoths:
An Illustration of Sudden Freezing ................................... 104

The Regions of Sudden Chilling ........................................ 109

The Depth of the Ice Mass .............................................. 111

The Volume of the Ice Mass ............................................ 114

The Geometry of the Ice Mass ........................................ 115

The Eccentric Location of the Ice Mass ........................... 117

The Ice Cave Phenomena of Eastern Washington ............ 120

Perspectives of the Ice Epoch ........................................ 124

The Origin of the Ice ...................................................... 126

The Manner of Transport of the Ice ................................ 129

The Location of the Deposition of the Ice ....................... 134

The Dating of the Ice Epoch .......................................... 135

Ozone, An Atmospheric Radical...................................... 211

The Primordial Canopy and Actinic Radiation ................. 214

The Curve of Declining Longevity After the Flood ........... 214

Traditions of Longevity .................................................... 220
 
 

VII.  MODEL OF THE FLOOD CATASTROPHE .............. 137

Category 1 .................................................................... 143

Category 40 .................................................................. 160
 
 

VIII.  ASTRAL CATASTROPHISM IN
ANCIENT LITERATURE ........................................ 164

The Geographical Distribution of
Ancient Flood Traditions ................................................. 164

The Astral Motif in India ................................................. 166

The Astral Motif in Japan ................................................ 170

The Astral Motif in Mexico and Peru .............................. 171

The Astral Motif in the Middle East ............................... 173

Josephus ...................................................................... 173

The Psalms .................................................................. 178

Job .............................................................................. 182

Interlude: Recognition of Scientific Validity
of Ancient Cosmology ................................................. 183

Halley, Newton & Whiston ......................................... 183

Jonathan Swift ............................................................ 184

Job ............................................................................. 187

The Significance of Catastrophic Motifs in
Ancient Literature........................................................ 192
 
 

IX.  THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT -
THE ANTEDILUVIAN CANOPY ................................. 194

The Primordial Canopy ............................................... 196

The Composition of the Antediluvian Canopy .............. 199

Barometric Pressure ................................................... 199

The Mix of Gases ....................................................... 200

The Greenhouse Effect................................................ 201

A Primordial (Hydrocarboniferous) Catastrophe
Prior to the Flood ...................................................... 204
 
 

X.  BIOLOGICAL UNIFORMITARIANISM
(DARWINISM) .......................................................... 225

Requirements of Darwinism ............................................. 225

Geological Catastrophism and Darwinism ....................... 228

Subtheory 1: Geological Uniformitarianism ...................... 228

Subtheory 2: Survival of the Fittest................................... 230

Genetics and Darwinism .................................................. 236

Subtheory 3: Environmental Determinism ........................ 236

Subtheory 4: Natural Selection (Inbreeding) ................... 238

Darwin's Marriage ......................................................... 242

Endocrinology and Darwinism ....................................... 248

Subtheory 5: Comparative Embryology ........................ 248

Subtheory 6: Apemen (Missing Links) .......................... 248

Acromegaly ................................................................. 249

Gigantism .................................................................... 258

Hypothyroidism (Cretinism) ......................................... 260

Catastrophic Environmental Determinism
(Antediluvian Endocrinology) ...................................... 264

The Requirement of a Biochemical Mechanism ............ 265
 
 

XI.   COSMOGONY AND UNIFORMITARIANISM ............ 268

Immanuel Kant: A General Theory
of the Heavens (1755) ........................................................ 268

Simon Laplace: The Nebular Hypothesis (1796) .................. 270

George Darwin: The Evolutionary Tidal Theory (1881) ........ 271

Thomas Chamberlin and Forest Moulton:
The Planetesimal Hypothesis (1902) ................................... 272

James Jeans: Problems of Cosmology and
Stellar Dynamics (1919) ..................................................... 273

Harold Jeffreys: The Collision Hypothesis (1924) ................ 273

H. N. Russell: The Binary Star Hypothesis (1935) ............... 274

R. A. Lyttleton: A Variation of the
Binary Star Hypothesis (1938) .......................................... 275

Six Academic Blindspots ................................................... 277

Academic Blindspot 7--
Planetary Tides and Solar Tides ....................................... 280

Academic Blindspot 8--Heliogenesis ................................ 282

Planetary Elements from the Sun? ..................................... 283

Angular Momentum from the Sun? ................................... 284

Elliptical Orbits from the Sun's Rotation? .......................... 285

The Angle of the Axis of the
Various Planets and the Sun? ........................................... 285

A Passing Star? ............................................................... 287

Action and Reaction? ....................................................... 287

The Jovian Planets ........................................................... 291

Stars in the Milky Way ................................................... 293

Galactogenetical Hypothesis ........................................... 295

Catastrophic Timing ....................................................... 300

Lyellian Time Chart ....................................................... 301

Catastrophic and Galactogenetic Time Chart .................. 302
 
 

XII.  CATASTROPHISM, UNIFORMITARIANISM AND
WESTERN CIVILIZATION .................................. 309

Uniformitarianism as a Cosmology ........................................... 309

Pluto ....................................................................................... 309

Neptune ................................................................................. 310

Uranus ................................................................................... 310

Saturn ..................................................................................... 311

Jupiter ..................................................................................... 311

Venus ..................................................................................... 311

Mercury ................................................................................. 312

Mars ...................................................................................... 312

Uniformitarianism and Modern Humanism .............................. 318

Uniformitarianism in Western Civilization ................................. 319

Civilization and Non-Conformity ............................................ 322

Conclusion ............................................................................. 325

Selected Bibliography ............................................................ 326

Index ..................................................................................... 331
 

Fig. 1 Orbit of Nereid ................................................................. 40

Fig. 2 Orbit of Three of Jupiter's Comets ..................................... 41

Fig. 3 Orbit of Halley's Comet .................................................... 41

Fig. 4 The Heartland Region of the Eastern Hemisphere ............... 55

Fig. 5 Three Forces During the
Period of Celestial Crisis ............................................................ 69

Fig. 6 The Mountain Arcs of the
Two Zones of Recent Orogenetic Uplift ..................................... 76

Fig. 7 Primary and Secondary Arcs of North America ................ 84

Fig. 8 Primary and Secondary Arcs of South America ................ 85

Fig. 9 Primary and Secondary Arcs of Southern Eurasia .............. 86

Fig. 10 Fractured Arcs of Western Oceania ............................... 87

Fig. 11 Primary Arcs of Eastern Asia ......................................... 88

Fig. 12 Echelon Structures of the East Asian Arcs ...................... 89

Fig. 13 Location of the Ice Fossils ............................................ 108

Fig. 14 Geographical Location of the Ice Epoch
in the Northern Hemisphere ..................................................... 113

Fig. 15 Astrophysical Location of the Magnetic Field ............... 118

Fig. 16 Another Perspective of the Van Allen Belts .................. 119

Fig. 17 Model of Crisis Year (Ice Fragmentation
and Escape of Visitor) ............................................................. 131

Fig. 18 Earth's Orbit, Radiation Belts & Roche's Limit............... 132

Fig. 19 Manner of Ice Descent ................................................ 133

Fig. 20 Model of the Crisis Year (Orbit of Visitor) ................... 155

Fig. 21 Model of a Crisis Month (Gravitational) ....................... 156

Fig. 22 Model of a Crisis Month ( Magnetic) ........................... 157

Fig. 23 The Two Zones of Recent Orogenetic Uplift ........... 158-159

Fig. 24 Primary and Secondary Arcs of
Eastern North America ............................................................ 206

Fig. 25 Curve of Declining Longevity:
Antediluvian and Postdiluvian Patriarchs ................................... 215

Fig. 26 Location of the Great Rift Valley in Africa .................... 254

Fig. 27 Regional Location of the Great Rift Valley and
Lake Victoria in Central East Africa ........................................ 255
 

Table 1 Eccentricity of Orbits of Planets and Satellites ........... 36

Table 2 The Chronology of the Biblical Flood ...................... 61

Table 3 Distribution of Cultures
Possessing Flood Traditions ............................................... 165

Table 4 Mix of Gases in Postdiluvian Atmosphere .............. 200

Table 5 Possible Mix of Gases in
Antediluvian Atmosphere ................................................... 200

Table 6 Rare Gases in the Atmosphere ............................... 212

Table 7 Gigantic Reptiles and
Mammoths in the Fossil Record .......................................... 259

Table 8 Distribution of Angular
Momentum in the Solar System .......................................... 274

Table 9 Distribution of Elements in the Earth's Crust............. 283

Table 10 Inclination of Equators to Orbits ........................... 286

Table 11 The Jovian Planets ............................................... 291

Table 12 The Terrestrial Planets ......................................... 291

Table 13 Lyellian Time Chart ............................................. 301

Table 14 Catastrophic and Galactogenetic Time Chart ..... 302-304